Material for the Final

Data 140 Fall 2025

A. Strang

General Concepts and Methods

Probability

  • Chapter 1, Lab 1, Lab 2: Spaces, events, basic counting, exponential approximation
  • Chapter 2: Addition and multiplication rules; conditioning and updating
  • Chapter 5: Unions and intersections of several events; exact probabilities and bounds
  • Section 9.1: Probabilities by conditioning and recursion (discrete)
  • Section 20.2: Probabilities by conditioning on a continuous variable
  • Section 4.5, 20.2: Independence

Distribution

Expectation

  • Chapter 8, Lab 3B: The crucial properties (discrete case) including method of indicators, expectations of functions, tail sum formula (see also geometric distribution)
  • Section 12.3, 19.4: Tail bounds: Markov, Chebyshev, Chernoff
  • Section 9.2, 9.3: Expectation by conditioning
  • Section 15.3, 17.1, 20.2: Expectation using densities and joint densities, and by conditioning on a continuous variable
  • Section 19.2: Moment generating function

Variance

  • Chapter 12: Definition and basic properties; linear transformations
  • Chapter 13, Lab 5: Covariance; variance of a sum
  • Section 24.2, Homework 7, Lab 5: Correlation and its properties
  • Section 22.3, 22.4: Variance by conditioning, mixtures
  • Section 23.1: Mean vector and covariance matrix of a random vector; linear transformations

Estimation and Prediction

  • Section 8.4: Unbiased estimators
  • Section 14.5, 14.6: IID sample mean; confidence interval for population mean
  • Homework 7, Homework 15: Unbiased estimator of a population variance; independence of normal sample mean and sample variance
  • Section 20.1: Maximum likelihood estimate
  • Section 20.3: Posterior density, MAP estimate
  • Section 12.2, 22.1, 22.2: Expectation and conditional expectation as least squares predictors
  • Section 24.1, 25.4: Least squares linear predictor

Special Distributions

Random Counts

Uniform \((a, b)\)

  • Section 15.3: Density, expectation, variance, CDF
  • Section 16.3, Lab 6: Use in simulation
  • Section 19.1: Density of sum

Beta

Normal

  • Section 14.3, 14.4: CLT; Normal cdf and inverse cdf
  • Sections 14.6: Normal confidence intervals
  • Section 16.1: Normal densities
  • Section 18.1, 18.2, 18.4: Independent normal variables, linear combinations, squares, Rayleigh, chi-squared
  • Section 19.3: Normal MGF, sums, CLT
  • Section 24.2, 24.3, Lab 8: Bivariate normal, linear combinations, independence, regression
  • Chapter 23, Section 25.4: Multivariate normal, linear combinations, independence, regression

Gamma

  • Section 15.4, 16.1, 16.2.3, 18.1: Exponential and scaling; square root and the Rayleigh
  • Homework 9: Gamma function, gamma density, mean, variance
  • Section 18.3, 18.4: Gamma and scaling; chi-squared
  • Section 19.2: Sums of independent gammas with the same rate
  • Lab 7: Waiting times of arrivals in a Poisson process
  • Homework 15: The chi-squared and the normal sample variance

Omitted from the Final

  • Section 5.2 (general inclusion-exclusion formula)
  • Chapters 10, 11 (Markov Chains)
  • Section 12.4 (Heavy-tailed distributions)
  • Sections 14.1, 14.2 (Probability generating functions)
  • Section 16.4.1 (Two-to-one function change of variable for densities)
  • Section 19.3.4 (β€œProof” of the Central Limit Theorem)
  • Section 21.3 (Long-run proportion of heads for a random coin)
  • Sections 25.1, 25.2, 25.3 (general best linear predictor based on multiple predictors)

Back to Top

Accessibility Nondiscrimination

Copyright Β©2026, Regents of the University of Californa and respective authors.

This site is built following the Berkeley Class Site template, which is generously based on the Just the Class, and Just the Docs templates.